Metal high-k transistor having silicon sidewall for reduced parasitic capacitance

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed to reduce parasitic capacitance in a metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor. The method includes forming a MHK gate stack upon a substrate, the MHK gate stack having a bottom layer of high dielectric constant material, a middle layer of metal, and a top layer of one of amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon. The method further forms a depleted sidewall layer on sidewalls of the MHK gate stack so as to overlie the middle layer and the top layer, and not the bottom layer. The depleted sidewall layer is one of amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon. The method further forms an offset spacer layer over the depleted sidewall layer and over exposed surfaces of the bottom layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/852,359 filed Sep. 10, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The exemplary embodiments of this invention relate generally to semiconductor devices and methods to fabricate them and, more specifically, exemplary embodiments of this invention relate to a class of devices known as metal high dielectric constant (high-k or MHK) transistors.

BACKGROUND

MHK transistors are experiencing extremely active development in the industry. One observed problem relates to the presence of an elevated outer fringe capacitance (Cof), on the order of 40-80 aF/μm. The elevated value of Cof is of concern, in that it at least impairs high frequency operation of the MHK transistor.

In U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,189 B2 Chien-Chao Huang et al. describe a method that includes providing a semiconductor substrate including a polysilicon or a metal gate structure including at least one overlying hardmask layer; forming spacers selected from the group consisting of oxide/nitride and oxide/nitride/oxide layers adjacent the polysilicon or metal gate structure; removing the at least one overlying hardmask layer to expose the polysilicon or metal gate structure; carrying out an ion implant process; carrying out at least one of a wet and dry etching process to reduce the width of the spacers; and, forming at least one dielectric layer over the polysilicon or metal gate structure and spacers in one of tensile and compressive stress.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,613 B1 Bin Yu describes a field effect transistor that is fabricated to have a drain overlap and a source overlap to minimize series resistance between the gate and the drain and between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor. The parasitic Miller capacitance formed by the drain overlap and the source overlap is said to be reduced by forming a depletion region at the sidewalls of the gate structure of the field effect transistor. The depletion region is formed by counter-doping the sidewalls of the gate structure. The sidewalls of the gate structure at the drain side and the source side of the field effect transistor are doped with a type of dopant that is opposite to the type of dopant within the gate structure. Such dopant at the sidewalls of the gate structure forms a respective depletion region from the sidewall into approximately the edge of the drain overlap and source overlap that extends under the gate structure to reduce the parasitic Miller capacitance formed by the drain overlap and the source overlap.

At least one drawback of this latter approach is that it does not address the reduction of parasitic Miller capacitance when metal-like materials (such as TiN) are used.

SUMMARY

The foregoing and other problems are overcome, and other advantages are realized, in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of this invention.

In a first aspect thereof the exemplary embodiments of this invention provide a method to form a metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor, where the method includes providing a MHK stack disposed on a substrate, the MHK stack comprising a layer of high dielectric constant material and an overlying layer comprised of a metal, the MHK stack having an overlying layer comprised of silicon; selectively removing only the layer comprised of silicon and the layer comprised of metal, without removing the layer of high dielectric constant material, to form an upstanding portion of a MHK gate structure comprised of a portion of the layer comprised of silicon, an underlying portion of the layer comprised of metal, and an overlying portion of the layer comprised of silicon; forming a sidewall layer comprised of silicon on sidewalls of the upstanding portion of the MHK gate structure; removing that portion of the layer of high dielectric constant material than does not underlie the upstanding portion of the MHK gate structure; and forming an offset spacer layer over the sidewall layer and over exposed surfaces of a remaining portion of the layer of high dielectric constant material that underlies the upstanding portion of the MHK gate structure.

In a further aspect thereof the exemplary embodiments of this invention provide a MHK transistor that comprises a substrate; a MHK gate structure disposed on the substrate between a source region and a drain region, the MHK gate structure comprising a layer of high dielectric constant material and an overlying layer comprised of a metal, the MHK gate structure having an overlying layer comprised of silicon, where a lateral extent of the layer of high dielectric constant material is greater than a lateral extent of the overlying layer of metal; a sidewall layer comprised of silicon disposed on sidewalls of the MHK gate structure to cover the layer comprised of metal and the overlying layer comprised of silicon, said sidewall layer also being disposed over a top surface of the underlying layer of high dielectric constant material; and an offset spacer layer disposed over the layer comprised of silicon and over exposed portions of the layer of high dielectric constant material.

In another aspect thereof the exemplary embodiments of this invention provide a method to reduce parasitic capacitance in a metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor. The method includes forming a MHK gate stack upon a substrate, the MHK gate stack comprising a bottom layer comprised of high dielectric constant material, a middle layer comprised of metal, and a top layer comprised of one of amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon; forming a depleted sidewall layer on sidewalls of the MHK gate stack so as to overlie the middle layer and the top layer, and not the bottom layer, said depleted sidewall layer comprised of one of amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon; and forming an offset spacer layer over the depleted sidewall layer and over exposed surfaces of the bottom layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other aspects of the embodiments of this invention are made more evident in the following Detailed Description, when read in conjunction with the attached Drawing Figures, wherein:

FIGS. 1A through 1G are each an enlarged cross-sectional view of a semiconductor-based structure and depict metal gate process flow in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although well-known to those skilled in the art, certain abbreviations that appear in the ensuing description and/or in the Figures are defined as follows:

BOX buried oxide CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CVD chemical vapor deposition FET field effect transistor HfO₂ hafnium oxide MLD multi-layer deposition PECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PR photoresist RIE reactive ion etch RTA rapid thermal anneal SOI silicon on insulator STI shallow trench isolation TiN titanium nitride poly polycrystalline silicon Si silicon

The inventors have realized that, as compared to conventional poly-gated FETs, the origin of the increased Cof is due to a lack of sidewall depletion in the metal gate. This added capacitance adds to the Miller capacitance (Cmiller) and thus has a tangible performance impact. It can be determined that there can exist an approximately a 3.2% per 10 aF/μm of Cof increase (assuming that N-type FETS (NFETs) and P-type FETs (PFETs) track together in Cof).

The exemplary embodiments of this invention overcome this problem by providing a silicon sidewall spacer, in combination with a MHK gate, to reduce Cof and thus also reduce Cmiller.

The use of exemplary embodiments of this invention creates a structure with a thin-polysilicon or amorphous silicon sidewall that gates the FET extension region. Since the gate sidewall is made to be silicon, the sidewall depletion that occurs beneficially lowers the Cof to similar levels as in poly-silicon gated FETs. Additionally, since primarily only the extension regions are gated with silicon (and therefore a relaxed EOT is present), the scaled EOT in the MHK transistor channel is maintained.

In general, the overall fabrication scheme described below may be standard until the gate stack etch. As in a normal process flow the metal etch stops on the hi-k material (such as on a layer of HfO₂). At this step, in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of this invention, deposition occurs of polysilicon (either CVD or PECVD) in the thickness range of about 10-20 nm. Then, using RIE, a thin poly-silicon sidewall gate is formed that is disposed largely over the device extension region. Then, processing may continue as in a conventional MHK process flow, such as by removing the hi-k material and growing MLD nitride and subsequent diffusion spacers.

FIGS. 1A through 1G are each an enlarged cross-sectional view of a semiconductor-based structure and depict metal gate process flow in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of this invention. In these Figures an NFET and a PFET are shown arranged in a side-by-side manner for convenience of description, and not as a limitation upon the practice of the exemplary embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 1A shows a Si substrate 10 having an overlying oxide layer 12 (e.g., 3 μm) and overlying Si and STI regions 14A, 14B. A conventional HfO₂/TiN deposition may provide gate stack layers 16 and 18, respectively. The HfO₂ layer 16 may be considered as the high-k layer (e.g., k in a range of about 20-25, as compared to 3.9 for SiO₂) and may have a thickness in a range of about 1-3 nm. The TiN layer 18 may be considered as the metal (or metal-like layer) and may have a thickness of about 10 nm. Layers 16 and 18 together form the (as yet unpatterned) MHK gate stack. This initial structure may represent a standard SOI (or without BOX bulk) CMOS with a MHK gate stack.

Note that the exemplary embodiments of this invention are not limited for use with HfO₂ as the high-k material, and other metal oxide-based materials may be used as well, such as a uniform or a composite layer comprised of one or more of Ta₂O₅, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃ and La₂O₅. Materials other than TiN that may be used for the metal-containing layer 18 include, but need not be limited to, one or more of Ta, TaN, TaCN, TaSiN, TaSi, AlN, W and Mo.

FIG. 1B shows the deposition of an amorphous Si or a poly Si layer 20, which may have a thickness in a range of about 30-100 nm, and subsequent deposition and patterning of PR to form PR regions 22. Each PR region 22 is located where a device gate is desired to be formed.

FIG. 1C, depicted without the underlying Si substrate 10 and oxide layer 12 for simplicity, shows the result of a gate stack etch (which also removes the PR regions 22). In accordance with an aspect of this invention, the gate stack etch stops at the high-k layer 16 of HfO₂.

FIG. 1D shows a blanket deposition by, for example, CVD or PECVD of a layer 24 of amorphous Si or polycrystalline (poly) Si. The Si layer 24 may have a thickness in a range of about 10-20 nm. FIG. 1D also shows, further in accordance with the exemplary embodiments, the selective etching of the Si layer 24 so that it remains as a thin layer only on the gate sidewalls, and has a thickness in a range of about 3-6 nm. Again, the etching stops on the high-k layer 16. Over the metal portions (the TiN portions 18) of the underlying gate structure the Si sidewall layer 24 is depleted, which is a desired outcome.

FIG. 1E shows the etching and removal of the high-k HfO₂ layer 16, except for that portion within each gate stack and underlying the TiN 18. Note that as a result of the removal of the high-k HfO₂ layer 16 a lateral extent of the remaining portion of the layer 16 of high dielectric constant material is greater than a lateral extent of the overlying layer 18 of metal. The remaining portion of the high-k HfO₂ layer 16 may be seen to resemble a pedestal-like structure that supports both the overlying metal layer 18, the amorphous or polycrystalline Si layer 20, and the amorphous or polycrystalline depleted Si sidewall layer 24.

As but one example a wet etch using a dilute hydrofluoric acid (DHF) solution may be used to remove the high-k HfO₂ layer 16, as described in an article “Etching of zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, and hafnium silicates in dilute hydrofluoric acid solutions”, Viral Lowalekar, Srini Raghavan, Materials Research Society, Vol. 19, #4, pgs. 1149-1156.

FIG. 1E also shows a result of depositing and etching a thin (e.g., about 3-6 nm) nitride or oxide offset spacer 26 that covers the Si layer 24 remaining on the gate sidewalls.

The remainder of the metal gate process flow may be conventional for CMOS processing, and can include providing oxide and/or nitride diffusion spacers and implants and final RTA.

For example, FIG. 1F shows a result of selectively masking alternatively the NFET and PFET so as to implant the other to provide extensions 28 and halos 30, and FIG. 1G shows the result of the deposition and etching of a final spacer 32 (nitride or oxide deposited by PECVD), typically having a thickness of about 2-10 nm. FIG. 1G involves masking the PFET and implanting the NFET (using for example As or P), and masking the NFET and implanting the PFET (using for example B or BF₂). Subsequent annealing provides relatively deep diffusions for forming source and drain regions separated by the gate region. Subsequent processing may provide, in a conventional manner, silicide gates and diffusions (typically with Ni or Co) to complete the NFET and PFET transistors.

It may be appreciated that even if one were to experience an increase in extension resistance of about 6%, when applied to the NFET and the PFET this would translate into a resistance penalty on the order of about 1.4%, which is more than compensated for by the improvement in the Cmiller.

The exemplary embodiments of this invention can provide an undoped (intrinsic) Si gate sidewall 24 that doping in the main poly 20 may later diffuse into. The exemplary embodiments of this invention can also provide in-situ doped or implanted silicon (poly or amorphous) sidewalls 24, and both for the NFET and the PFET.

It can be appreciated that the MHK device fabrication processes discussed above are compatible with CMOS semiconductor processing methodology.

Various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. As but some examples, the use of other similar or equivalent MHK material systems may be attempted by those skilled in the art. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this invention will still fall within the scope of this invention.

For example, it should be noted again that the exemplary embodiments of this invention are not limited for use with MHK gate structures comprised only of HfO₂ and TiN. As non-limiting examples, a ZrO₂ or a HfSi_(x)O_(y) material may be used instead, as both exhibit a high dielectric constant (k of approximately 20-25) needed to provide a larger equivalent oxide thickness. In addition, the various layer thicknesses, material types, deposition techniques and the like that were discussed above are not be construed in a limiting sense upon the practice of this invention.

Furthermore, some of the features of the examples of this invention may be used to advantage without the corresponding use of other features. As such, the foregoing description should be considered as merely illustrative of the principles, teachings, examples and exemplary embodiments of this invention, and not in limitation thereof. 

1. A metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor, comprising: a substrate; a MHK gate structure disposed on the substrate between a source region and a drain region, the MHK gate structure comprising a layer of high dielectric constant material and an overlying layer comprised of a metal, the MHK gate structure further having an overlying layer comprised of silicon, where a lateral extent of the layer of high dielectric constant material is greater than lateral extents of the overlying layer comprised of metal and the overlying layer comprised of silicon; a single sidewall layer comprised of silicon disposed on sidewalls of the MHK gate structure to cover sidewalls of the overlying layer comprised of metal and sidewalls of the overlying layer comprised of silicon, said single sidewall layer also being disposed over a top surface of the layer of high dielectric constant material; and an offset spacer layer disposed over and physically in contact with exposed portions of the single sidewall layer and exposed portions of the layer of high dielectric constant material, wherein the offset spacer layer has a thickness in a range of about three to six nanometers.
 2. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the layer of high dielectric constant material is comprised of at least one of HfO₂, Ta₂O₅, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃ and La₂O₅.
 3. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the overlying layer comprised of metal is comprised of at least one of TiN, Ta, TaN, TaCN, TaSiN, TaSi, AlN, W and Mo.
 4. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the single sidewall layer is comprised of amorphous silicon.
 5. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the single sidewall layer is comprised of polycrystalline silicon.
 6. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor is a P-type FET.
 7. The MHK transistor of claim 1, where the metal high dielectric constant (MHK) transistor is an N-type FET.
 8. The MHK transistor as in claim 1, further comprising a final spacer layer formed over exposed surfaces of the offset spacer layer.
 9. The MHK transistor as in claim 8, wherein the substrate comprises an underlying silicon layer underlying the high dielectric constant material, and wherein the MHK transistor further comprises extensions and halos formed in the underlying silicon layer.
 10. The MHK transistor as in claim 9, further comprising source and drain regions formed in the underlying silicon layer.
 11. The MHK transistor as in claim 9, wherein the extensions at least partially underlie the single sidewall layer.
 12. The MHK transistor as in claim 1, wherein the single sidewall layer has a thickness in a range of about three to six nanometers. 